“Economic Growth Without Distributive Justice Can Only Lead to Violence”.

â€Å"Economic Growth without distributive justice can only lead to violence†. A steady economic growth is a sign of a growing economy. Good economic growth often leads to the prosperity of the people of the country. But this is not always true for the entire population. Even when only 5% of the population is booming economically the economic growth would show a steady rise which though good for a country on the international front ,is a not so good for a country on the domestic front. Economic growth without distributive justice can only lead to violence. The economy wherein the rich get richer and the poor get poorer everyday is devoid of peace and prosperity. In India,it has happened in the past and happens even today ,when the employees see their employers make huge money while they are struggling to even make both ends meet,they hold protests,go on strikes demanding fee hike. It creates a void in the society, a gap that is hard to fill, a swamp that sucks the entire nation in. It is not very easy to see people become rich when you don't even get food twice a day. This leads to thefts,murders,and violence in the society. And with so many wrongdoings happening around you,the trust vanishes. The sense of living in a large family named society eludes us. Thus ,in my opinion the government of every country must put the best foot forward to ensure that the income is distributed as evenly as possible in the society to maintain peace and harmony in the society,so that the people can stay together and rejoice each other's growth and achievements.

Being Young in Hackney

The best thing about being young in Hackney is that there are so many different places to go to and explore in the borough, such as libraries, parks, museums, cinemas, farms and more. These places give people somewhere to go during their free time or on the weekends when they're not busy, that are close to their homes. The Hackney Library, located in the heart of Hackney, provides a place for young people to have access to computers and internet, read quietly or just to hang out with their friends. There is a large selection of books to read, from children's colourful picture books to adult drama novels. The library is divided into a children's section and an adult section. The adult section is much quieter than the children's section, everyone concentrates on their own book. There's a news stand with all the current stories to keep us up to date with what's been going on around the world. There is also an entertainment section where you can rent films and CDs. The children's section is much louder. There are several computers so children can play games, finish homework or just to instant message their friends online. Quite a lot of people go to the library after school. Hackney is one of the greenest boroughs in London. There are many parks in the borough including London Fields, Springfield Park and Victoria Park. People go to parks for jogs, walking their dogs, picnics or just to get some fresh air. Parks are places where young people go to hang out with their friends and play on the swings and slides. Parks are also a great places to meet new people and socialize with them. Sometimes there may be events at the parks. There are many organisms inhabiting the green areas, for example birds, squirrels, and insects. The trees in the parks give out oxygen. There is also Hackney Empire, located in Mare street. People go to the theatre for entertainment, they enjoy watching all the performances. Hackney City Farm is a local farm in Shoreditch. The farm brings the countryside to the inner-city community. Entry to the farm is free. There is a whole range of farm animals pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, rabbits, guinea pigs and other animals. Animal produce is sold including milk, eggs and yarn. The farm brings country life to urban people. There is also a large garden where you can help plant and grow things.The farm is a good place for families and schools to visit. The cinema is a place for watching films on a big scrren. Young people and families enjoy going to the cinema. During the weekends young people go with their friends to watch a film, it is a place for them to go when they have free time. People want loud music and laughter for entertainment. Some people prefer to stay at home and watch television instead. There is only one cinema in Hackney, Rio in Dalston. Markets in Hackney are usually crowded and exciting. Popular markets in the borough include Broadway Market and Dalston Market. Markets sell almost everything, from cheese to clothes!

Influences affecting consumers buying fashionable clothes

Subject : Influences affecting consumers buying fashionable clothes There are many different factors which could afect the buying behaviour of the consumers when it comes to fashion and clothing. There are two types of behaviour,the individual type which depends on the individuals tastes and the environmantal type which depends on culture and society. We also bare in mind that most of the people we cater for, range from an age of 15 to and age of 30 years. As i mentioned previously culture is a very important factor when it comes to the production of clothes and fashion and we are very aware of it since our company is situated in india. Even now with the idea of globilization in today's young people's minds, there is still a tendency to follow the country's tradition or habbits which changes the buying behaviour of our potential customers drastically. Therefore we have to cater and adapt to the country's traditions and wants. It would be a big mistake to try and sell clothes that go against these people's culture or religion, because they simply won't buy them. But this dosent mean that we shouldn't produce clothes that go against these peoples culture since in the country there is a certain percentage of people not following this culture or same tradition. This percentage is called the sub-culture which is very important for our company. As a fashion clothing design company we should keep in mind gender. Nowadays gender are more or less equal so it is important to balance the stock we have for both sexes. Age is also important as i mentioned above. We must cater for the majority age group. Lifestyles also shouldn't be neglected. this area is extremely important when it comes to producing clothing. Since our main market are students there are two factors which influence their lifestyle. One influence are the reference groups and aspiration groups. A good example of these are famous people known to these students like singers or actors. These people manage to introduce any kind of fashion ranging from all sorts of weird fashion back to old fashioned ways of dressing. Therefore its hard but important to keep up to date wit these changes in fashion so that we can supply our customers with what they want. Another influence is family. Many times students are represented by the parents but its not that common anymore. Its more likely that they are represented by an older brother or sister. Social classes are very important to look at when producing clothes. In a country one finds different social classes and therefore there is a choice. We either cater for all the different classes or choose the class which has the majority of potential buyers. For example the Upper social class are more likely to buy a classic neet shirt or trousers whilst the middle social class would be happy wit a T-shirt and a pair non classy trousers, for example jeans. But since we are catering for a group of people who are students they are more likely to buy new fashion so we have to satisfy their needs buy selling them what they want like the latest fashion at a price that can satisfy their income. Another factor that i think should be mentioned is the marketing effort shown by the employees for hight customer recognition. If this is done it puts a vital good light on our brand and outlet. They should do their best to please the customer so that the customer gets a good impression and leaves the shop satisfied. All the factors mentioned above are very important and should be followed up to obtain a higher sales volume. They should be researched and examined and also kept up to date as much as possible. If this is done the company will have great success not only with its present customers but also with new ones to come.

Historical Definition of Globalization Assignment

Historical Definition of Globalization - Assignment Example Nevertheless, there are other different factors that have shaped globalization and define its historical development. One such factor is political. Political systems have promoted, hindered, and regulated trade both today and in the past. Establishment of legal systems, regulatory bodies, and institutions that hinder or serve the development of international trade and solve disputes between conflicting nations has long historical roots (Wright, 2015). In addition, exposure of different regions to political systems and forces in the past was a major determinant of the growth or failure of the process of economic globalization. Case in point, Wright (2015) shows how the Mandinka and Islam contributed to the incorporation and exposure of the Niumi into the global system. The political influences of the Mandinka and Islam in the trans-Saharan trade framework contributed to the strengthening of the Niumi Polity (Wright, 2015). The Portuguese arrival further allowed for entry of the Niumi into trade across the Atlantic complex. Non-economic globalization can also be defined in the form of social and cultural integration. There are four streams of current global culture which have significant historical roots: global academic culture, global business culture, popular religious culture, and popular secular culture (Wright, 2015). Social and cultural interactions have led to the development of a global civil society in which individuals and communities share social and religious perspectives.

Discussion AUTHORSHIP & GUIDELINES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion AUTHORSHIP & GUIDELINES - Assignment Example Since nursing practice is universal, the practice documented for a particular region can effectively be used by a different group of people. This is one reason practicing nurses need to publish. With the current technological advancements, the documented or published positive and effective practice in one place can be implemented in a wide range of settings for the benefit of the profession and the communities. Advancement in education should be tied closely to the need for publishing (Broome, Riner, & Allam, 2013). The knowledge gained should allow for professional development and the expansion of the knowledge base of the profession. It is, therefore, recommended that the nurses, pursuing higher education such as doctoral programs should publish and contribute to the body of knowledge. Daily nursing practices derives greatly from the published literatures. This implies that for nursing practice to be updated and in line with the current requirements, the practicing nurses should not only do research but also make sure that this research is available for others to use in practice (Lake, Moss, & Duke, 2009). This is possible through embracing of publishing for practicing nurses. Broome, M. E., Riner, M. E., & Allam, E. S. (2013). Scholarly publication practices of Doctor of Nursing Practice-prepared nurses. The Journal of Nursing Education, 52, 429–34. doi:10.3928/01484834-20130718-02 Lake, S., Moss, C., & Duke, J. (2009). Nursing prioritization of the patient need for care: A tacit knowledge embedded in the clinical decision-making literature. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 15, 376–388.

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Nature Vs. Nurture Theme Analysis Research Paper

Mary Shellys Frankenstein Nature Vs. Nurture Theme Analysis - Research Paper Example The discussion centers on the themes of nature versus nurture, of whether or not goodness or evil is created through the innate nature of an individual, or if it is developed through the treatment that individual receives. The creature made by Frankenstein states at one point that â€Å"Adam’s situation was far different from mine in every other respect. His God had made him happy and prosperous. His Creator guarded him and cared for him, He was allowed to talk with - and learn from - superior beings. But I was wretched, helpless, alone.† (Shelley, 2008, p. 121). The creature saw himself as abandoned and not allowed to learn at the feet of his creator. This mirrored the relationship that Shelley had with her father as when he had remarried when she was eight she had felt he had left her, only to be more formally abandoned when she married Percy Shelley though her father disapproved (Mellor, 2007, p. 51). In many ways, the discourse of the novel is a conversation with her father, telling him all the ways in which he had disappointed her and how this had made her feel. Shelley expresses her aggression towards her father, naming the first victim of the creature’s rage after him, but combining this visage with the strikingly similar features of the five year old child with those of her own child. In this she explores the dynamic of murder within the family, her aggression towards her father and the horrifying concept of being able to kill her own child. Her child was named for his grandfather, her father, both bearing the name William as does the child of Frankenstein, thus completing the dynamic in which relationships between parents and children are horrifically discussed (Mellor, 2007, p. 52). Mellor (2007), states that Shelley believed that nurture was crucial in the development of the nature of a child, that the way in which a child was embraced or denied by a parent and taught about the

What is the one finance related experience or extracurricular activity Essay

What is the one finance related experience or extracurricular activity that is most important to you and why - Essay Example In addition, it provides useful information to investors willing to inject funds into the market through stocks. The comparison also allows one to understand how healthy competition should be maintained to prevent both consumer and business exploitation. One of the most common events that take place in the finance industry is the buying and selling of stock. The companies trade shares and stock in order to improve their financial status and portfolio. The purchase and sale of stock is one of the supplementary activities in finance. I also researched data on each company individually by looking at their financial statements to analyze net profit, loss and ability to break-even. The process is useful in analyzing internal profits, especially how the company got to that level. The University Finance Association has not only been beneficial, but also eye opening. It has enhanced my critical and analytical skills by allowing me to compare companies. As a result, I can make suitable investment

Philosophy of Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Philosophy of Religion - Research Paper Example Not many of us can answer properly what God actually means to them. The definition of God has widely varied across the globe from time to time. Regardless of nationality, religion and race, perhaps the greatest debate is whether God exists or not. It has been found out that some people believe in existence of God, they cannot identify Him. Some can identify God in differ forms, deities or elements but cannot find it difficult to relate or believe. While some others totally disbelieve in plurality of God, some people deny the total existence of â€Å"God†. To them, it is some supreme force that has created the universe and as the source of life in it (Remos 33-34). A further division of views can be made between people who do and do not believe that God transcends and present among worldly beings (Remos 34). Broadly, all the worldly religions can be divided into two distinct categories. First comes the ones who believe in oneness of God, or the monotheistic. Then comes polytheistic, or the ones who believe in plurality of forms of God. The ancient religions like the ones of Israel and Egypt were monotheistic religions (Allen 72). But it is found that, even within one single religion, be it monotheistic or polytheistic, purity is not followed, that is, within a monotheistic religion polytheistic features can be found. Christianity is n apt example of this. Bible supports the existence of â€Å"God, the Father, God, the Son, and God, the Holy Spirit.† (Remos 33) Some major religions like Islam and Jewish are strictly monotheistic, while religions like Hinduism supports polytheistic views. One finds numerous Gods and Goddesses, Demigods and even spirits, in various forms and avatars. In Hinduism, each of these Gods is supposed to serve different purposes. Worship of these individual Gods contains monotheistic

Stock Price Increases in 1990s Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stock Price Increases in 1990s - Case Study Example However the sharp price increases in the stocks might have been the result of factors like irrational over-enthusiasm on the part of the investors, lower interest rates and higher level of savings by the middle-class and the consequent increase in their investment in stocks. Apart from these reasons, the relationship between the earnings increase and the stock price increase was negligible. Hence the expectations of the large investors in their setting higher target levels on the return on capital employed from those firms in which they held the investments on the assumption that the share price increases would automatically increase the earnings would hold no ground. While the factors responsible for the share price increase are totally different from the performance of these companies it would be illogical to expect the managements of the large companies to service their shareholders with larger returns on the capital employed based on the share price performances. With this backgr ound this paper examines the rationale behind the statement that during the 1990s, nearly all FTSE 100 and S&P 500 companies failed to reach pre and post-tax return on capital employed targets set by large investors and the managements of the giant firms during 1990s should be considered responsible for the mediocre return of capital employed as well as the moderate growth of sales of their firm in spite of the higher stock prices. 2.0 Reasons for Stock Price Increases: As outlined earlier the stock price increases during the 1990s were caused by factors like "Irrational Exuberance' on the part of the investors, declining interest rates and higher level of stock market investments out of savings by the middle classes. The signs of greater economic stability prevalent during the period convinced both the business managers and the investors to take extra risks which later resulted in both positive and negative consequences. Let us analyse the reasons for the increase in the share prices. 1. Irrational Exuberance on the part of the investors: Coined and used by the Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan as a word of caution against the repercussions of the stock market boom, denotes a warning that the market might have been overvalued and a natural consequence, slumps in the prices of the stock was inevitable. "The term "irrational exuberance" is often used to describe a heightened state of speculative fervor." (Robert J Shiller 2000) Irrational exuberance is defined by Shiller (2000) as the psychological basis of a speculative bubble. The speculative bubble on the other hand is the situation where the potential investors are lured by stories justifying the share price increases, who irrespective of their doubts about the real value of the assets continue to invest in the stocks. This luring is also partly due to the excitement created by such investments which resemble gambling and partly owing to the envy of the investors on the others' successes. This might be the main reason for the stock market boom that the world witnessed during the 1990s. 2. Declining Interest Rates: One of the other reasons, though not major, that was attributed to the share

Tragedy and The Common Man Essay Example for Free

Tragedy and The Common Man Essay Quote: â€Å"I believe that the common man is as apt a subject for tragedy in its highest sense as kings were. On the face of it this ought to be obvious in the light of modern psychiatry, which bases its analysis upon classific formulations, such as Oedipus and Orestes complexes, for instances, which were enacted by royal beings, but which apply to everyone in similar emotional situations. † – Arthur Miller In Arthur Miller’s essay â€Å"Tragedy and The Common Man† he explains to us what he considers to be tragedy and what a tragic hero is today. He debates that in order to be a tragic hero the hero doesn’t need to be a king or have any noble background and instead, the common man can be considered a tragic hero as well. Arthur Miller justifies that the tragic flaw is when a tragic hero refuses to accept anything that may affect their personal dignity. Arthur Miller’s ideas on tragedy are precise and can be applied to a various number of tragedies seen throughout media. In the movie â€Å"A Time to Kill† Jake Brigance one of the main characters is a lawyer who decides to defend his African American friend Carl Lee after he is charged for killing two Caucasian men who previously raped his eleven year old daughter. The setting of the movie is in a very racist community therefore when Jake decides to defend Carl the tragedy begins. In the movie Jake encounters many obstacles one of the first of them being when his wife and child are forced to leave because their safety is not guaranteed in their community anymore. Brigance can simply drop the case and have his family stay with him however he decides to stick to what he believes in is right and allows his family to leave. Throughout the movie you can see that Jake is becoming very lonely not having his family by his side but he pushes those feelings. At one point in the movie Jake loses his house due to a racist colt also known as the â€Å"K. K. K†. While Jake is at work the colt decides to burn down his entire house unaware that his only family he has left which is his Dog is in there. Once Jake comes home to see that his house is severely damaged he slips into a state of denial and refuses to believe that his only companion he has left may have died. In the movie scene you can see that Jake is struggling so much he begins to doubt himself. â€Å"Were going to lose this case, Carl lee†¦ I want to cop a plea, maybe Buckley will cop us a second degree murder and we can get you just life in prison. Jake could have decided not to defend Carl Lee and to allow any other lawyer do to the job but he refused to accept the fact that the court could allow an eleven year old girl to be victimized and not have any justice served because of the color of her skin. In the book â€Å"Rome Juliet† Romeo and Juliet experience tragedy because of accident and bad luck, the unfortunate fact that Friar Lawrences letter never gets to Romeo in Mantua. Miller says that in order to be classified as a tragic hero you must be willing to lay down your life in order to keep your dignity and Juliet does this. O happy dagger! This is thy sheath; there rust and let me die! (Juliet). When Juliet does not receive the letter form Friar Lawrence and thinks that Romeo is dead she realizes that in her battle to get what she wants she has lost and therefore lays down her life for Romeo. This shows that Juliet a child who wasn’t royalty suffered just as much as someone with a noble background would suffer if they were going through the same issue. I can speak about tragedy and being a common man because at one point in my life I’ve experienced it. Last year in grade ten I was diagnosed with a tumor on my thyroid. When the doctors told me I had a tumor on my thyroid they explained to me that they were unsure if it was cancerous or not. For two weeks I had to wait for the results during those weeks I had this fear following me around and all I could think about was whether I had cancer or not. I went through several tests. After all my results from the test came back the doctor explained to me that my tumor was benign which meant it was not cancerous but the problem was it wouldn’t stop growing. It grew to the point it seemed like I had an Adam’s apple. The only choice I had was to cut out the tumor or take pills which could control it however I would have to take the pills throughout my entire life, the pills were expensive. I decided to get the surgery done instead and I now have this very large scar on my neck. As you can see I also experienced tragedy when I was diagnosed with the benign tumor. Common men can be tragic heroes as well regardless of the reputation or the status they hold. Tragedies are not meant for just people with high positions or everyday people who would read or watch media that had to do with tragedy wouldn’t be able to comprehend it. Everyone suffers some type of tragedy in their life which allows us to understand tragedies much better.

Structure of Myometrium Architecture

Structure of Myometrium Architecture THE STRUCTURAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL PARTICULARITIES OF THE MYOMETRIUM ARCHITECTURE Antonella Chescà ¤1, M.A.Moga1, Mariana Tilinca2, H. Matei3 Summary The morphological aspects of the human non-pregnant and pregnant at due time myometrium were emphasized by the classical histological technique and the electronic microscopic technique. We noticed the structural changes that appear at the level of the myocytes, connective and myometrial vascular structures. Both the stage of non-pregnant uterus and the one of pregnant uterus at due time present structural and ultra-structur ­al particularities at the level of the myocytes, connective structures and of the myometrial vascular ones. Key words: myometrium, myocytes, optical microscopy, electronic microscopy The myometrium is made up of smooth muscular fibers that are internally disposed in layers with circular fibers and externally with longitudinal fibers, in-between them being a layer of coiled fibers that, during the pregnancy, allow the uterus to grow and to be properly irrigated with blood. The myometrium is crossed by numerous blood vessels, with predominant venous type structures, also known as stratum vasculosum. It was ascertained that the uterine smooth muscular fibers play a major role in the physiologic haemostasis, namely in closing the vascular structures at this level. (5) During the pregnancy both the uterine body and the cervix become violaceae, due to the strong blood irrigation. The pregnancy is featured by the hypertrophy and the hyper ­plasia of the myometrium. We may also notice an increase of the number of elastic and collagen fibers that prevent the uterine wall from breaking. The changes of the cervix are less representative and consist of edema and local congestion. (4) The normal evolution of the pregnancy takes place on the grounds of certain important transformations of the endocrine system. Besides the changes appearing at the level of the genital tract generated by the development of the embryo and of the fetus, the body of the pregnant woman will undergo a stage of more intense hormone activity. (3) The investigations were made on human fresh material taken by the specialty services of obstetrics-gynecology, with the contribution of the anatomical pathology service within Dr. I. A. Sbarcea Hospital of Brasov and of the specialized study laboratories of the Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department within Carol Davila Medical University of Bucharest. The fragments of the normal non-pregnant uterus were obtained from surgeries such as total and subtotal hysterectomies. The fragments of normal pregnant uterus at due time were taken both from the uterine body and from the cervix. The fragments taken within the specialty services were studied by means of the classical optic microscopy method and by means of the electronic microscopy. The classic histological technique used the hematoxylin- eosin and Van Gieson staining. The fragments taken for examination by means of the electronic microscope were processed according to the technique that includes as main stages the fixation with glutaraldehyde in cacodyl pad for 90 minutes at 4C, washing with cacodyl pad pH 7.4, three times for 5 minutes at 4 °C; incubation in GOMORI environment; postfixacion in 0s04 of 1%, for 90 minutes at 4 °C; rinsing in bidistilled water three time for 5 minutes each, at room temperature, block coloring in uranyl acetate for 30 minutes, at 4C in the dark, washing with 10% alcohol, twice, 3 minutes each, at room temperature; dehydration with propdenoxide, twice for 5 minutes each at room temperature; dehydration with absolute ethylic alcohol, 3 times. 5 minutes each at room temperature; dehydration with propilenoxide twice, 5 minutes each at room temperature; penetration in Epon with inclusion in propilenoxide (1:1), for minimum one hour, followed by the evaporation of propilenoxide, up to 8 hours, penetration with Epon inc lusion for 2 hours, inclu ­sion, ultra sectioning at microtoms, grids contrasting and grids examination at the electronic microscope, obtaining magnifications between lOOOxoOOOx according to Onicescu method, 1998. We monitored the structural and ultra structural changes appearing in the uterine muscular fibers, in the connective structures at this level, as well as of the vascular myometrial structures using classical histological and electronic microscopy techniques. Ultra structurally, the uterine muscular fiber presents features common to the smooth muscular fibers of the cavity organs, with a centrally located, elongated nucleus. The sarcolemma of the myocytes located at the periphery of the muscle fiber seems to have three layers. The changes appeared at the level of the sarcoplasma may be grouped in two areas. At the level of the central area, the changes of the common organelles are being emphasized, such as the rough endoplasmic reticulum made up of several cisterns and vacuoles, of whose membranes ribosomes are being attached at large intervals, free ribosomes and glycogen inclusions, rare flattened sacks and mitochondria presenting a small number of lamella-form christa. At the level of the peripheral area that occupies the larger part, are the special, organelles, forming the contrac ­tile sublayers of the uterine muscular fiber, namely the myofilaments and the dense bodies. The myofilaments, visible at the electronic microscope, are represented only by actin filaments corresponding to the thin filaments of the striated muscle fiber. The myosin filaments are missing, corresponding to the thick filaments of the striated muscle fiber. We noticed ultra structural changes of the uterine muscular fiber, where the myosin appears as dense bodies, noticed as opaque spots, dense at electrons flow, elongated, distributed among the actin filaments. (12) During the pregnancy the myometrium hypertrophies, process that by its rapidity and amplitude, is a unique phenomenon in the normal adult body, accompanied by spectacular reshuffling of the uterine muscle fiber. In these circumstances, the myocytes grow of about 5-10 times, reaching lengths of 500 micrometers. In the same time, they keep their general shape, but elongations appear extensions especially at the ends. (7)Thus, major changes of the main components of the sarcoplasma are achieved. Both the myofilaments and the dense bodies numerically grow. Unlike the myocyte from the non pregnant uterus, the commune organelles occupy large areas in the sarcoplasma and in the peripheral area of the cell. The Golgi complex shows quantity and quality changes, becoming one of the most prominent features of the sarcoplasma. The quantity determinations showed an increase of the glycogen content of the pregnant uterine muscle fiber, of approximately 50 times. (5) Under the influence of the ovaries hormones, various kinds of muscle connections appear in the myometrium, characteristic to the effect of the estrogens or of the progesterone. Under the influence of the estrogen, we may simultane ­ously notice three types of distinct cell groups, light cells oriented approximately parallel to the more or less smooth surfaces, light cells in transverse arrangement and having inter-located surfaces on wide areas and spiral dark cells, located in transverse arrangement, with wider distances between them. (9) Under the influence of the progesterone, after the ovulation and during pregnancy, we may notice rare light cells, yet, the vacuolated cells dominate, especially after the ovulation. As well, typical spiral cells, with more or less smooth surfaces highlighted. At the level of the intrauterine connective tissue, although the predominant connective cell is the fibroblast, we may also notice macrophages, plasmocytes and masto- cytes, all these cell types being reduced in number. Both the structural appearance and the activity of the connective cells undergo changes that take place under the hormonal influences occurring in the uterine functional cycle. (2) We noticed that in the uterus that prepares for gestation, fibroblasts may undergo metaplasia and may change into myocytes. The pregnancy stresses the most the connective cell, in the sense of accelerating in it the synthesis process of the specific macromolecules, such as the collagen and certain products such as the glycosaminoglycanes. (3) The cervix of the adult woman presents in its structure a large amount of connective tissue, made up of cells, fibres, fundamental substance and a small number of smooth muscle fibres. In the non pregnancy stage, the connective of the cervix seems twice more abundant than the one uterine body. (4) The blood vessels of the myometrium, of artery or vein type, represent the constant and favourable element to all myomterial cell metabolic changes, in all the uterine functional phases. This way they insure all myometrial local metabolic activity, of synthesis, on collaboration between the myocytes and the surrounding connective, of cell symbiosis changing in pregnancy compared to non pregnancy. (6) On the myometrium fragments of the non pregnant Figure 3 Non pregnant normal uterus. Myometrium. Transmission Electron Microscopy x 2950 normal uterus and pregnant uterus at due time, by means of the classical histological technique we highlight an arrange ­ment characteristic to a myometrial area where the smooth muscle fibers are placed in fascicles having different direc ­tions and sizes. In between them, we may notice weakly represented connective structures, (fig. 1) The image shows a myometrial area where the connec ­tive structures are well represented in the non pregnant uterus. In the same time, we may notice that between the fascicules of myometrial muscle fibers, blood vessels of capillary and arterioles type are present in longitudinal section, (fig. 2) Figure 1 Non pregnant normal uterus. Myometrium. Optical Microscopy. Hematoxylin-Eosin stain x 20 Using the technique of electronic microscopy, on a microphoto we notice the detail of an area of the sarcoplasma of the uterine smooth muscle fiber. We notice a large number of mitochondria positioned in groups between the myofilaments and especially in a row in the closest neighborhood and along the dense bodies. Among Figure 4 Normal uterus, pregnant at due time. Myometrium. Optical Microscopy. Hematoxylin-Eosin stain x40 the mitochondria there are frequent glycogen inclusions. We may notice the anchoring of the actin filaments of the dense body of the myocyte, (fig. 3) At an magnifying power of 40x, using the classical histological technique, we observe the smooth muscle fibers, with elongated, euchromatic nucleus, with rich sarcoplasma and a cross-sectioned arteriole. The fibroblasts between the myocytes are rare, with dark, rectilinear nucleus, (fig. 4) The figure illustrates myocytes presenting a large, oval- shaped, largely elongated, rich in euchromatine nucleus, with 1-3 nucleoli. The sarcoplasma is abundant. Near the muscle fibers, there is a large amount of connective tissue with fibroblasts and numerous connective fibers, (fig. 5) Figure 2 Non pregnant normal uterus. Myometrium. Optical Microscopy. Van Gieson stain x 20 An observed ultrastructural aspect illustrates longitudi ­nally sectioned smooth muscle fibers, with grouped charac ­teristic arrangement, namely the thinned part of a myocyte being near the thicker central area of the neighboring myocytes. Between the muscle fibers there are narrow spaces with less connective matrix. The nucleus of the muscle fibers is predominantly euchromatic and the sarcoplasma near the poles of the nucleus contains cellular organelles, besides them we may observe myofilaments and rare dense odies. The sarcoplasma shows caveolae and dense areas, lear the myocytes we find a fibroblast with large nucleus, ctively euchromatic. Around it, the cytoplasm is loaded dth cellular organelles, among which we notice the rough ndoplasmic reticulum, as dilated, inter-communicating acks. (fig. 6) Researches based on modern techniques of electronic licroscopy, lead to data related to ultrastructural organization †¢f the uterine smooth muscle fibers, with its particularities in wo distinct functional moments, non pregnancy and regnancy, in healthy women, with uterus having no We observed the vicinity relations between the nyocytes and the connective cells at this level, focusing m the fibroblasts, connective cells considered to be lormone-sensitive, moreover as this type of cells takes  »art in the composition of organs that are hormone- ensitive such as the uterus or its components. (2) The technique of electronic microscopy highlighted dtrastructural aspects of the smooth muscle fibers, of the connective cells and of the vascular structures of the nyometrium of the non pregnant and pregnant uterus. Studies of electronic microscopy highlighted various tspects. Thus, the specific functions of the smooth muscle, uch as tension, contraction and relaxation, are considered to )e the result of the coordinated activity of the muscle cells. X/e assumed the existence of a functional syncytium at least or four functional conditions. In the same time, we lescribed the fusion of the neighboring cell membranes, in ;ertain contact points, namely intercellular junctions type  »nulla occludens and it may be considered that such ;onnections would represent the morphological fundamen- :als of the functional synctyium. (11) As well, we showed that :he number of noticed contact points is small compared to :he surface of the cell. According to certain authors, the iifferent forms of cell contacts are granted to various imctional states of the same muscle. The muscle connec- :ions thus exist as interdigital cells, on wide surfaces, with anclearly defined cell membranes or as sole, distinct cells. Varied forms of muscle cells seem to help the answer to the question whether the myometrial contraction is isotonic or isometric. From this point of view, we consider that the function of the myometrium resides in an isometric contraction. The observations of other researchers suggest that in the myometrium and in the smooth muscle of other cavity organs, the isometric and isotonic contractions are just different phases of a complex contraction cycle. According to the morphological observations, it seems to be the rhythmic passing from relaxation to isometric contractions and the other way around. (10) According to recent studies, the fine structure of myometrium from pigs collected at well-defined stages dur ­ing pregnancy was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The morphology of the pregnant myometrium resembled that in non-pregnant pigs. Thick myofilaments were conspicuous during early pregnancy, unapparent during mid-pregnancy and visible again by days 80-84 and towards Figure 5 Normal uterus, pregnant at due time. Myometrium. Optical Microscopy. Van Gieson stain x20 Figure 6 Normal uterus, pregnant at due time. Myometrium. Transmission Electron Microscopy xl 500 parturition. Gap junctions were extremely rare throughout pregnancy. (8) The researches in the field are ongoing, due to the modern investigation possibilities that, besides the already known investigation methods, mainly refer to the immunohistochemical techniques.

OPM System Potential Threats and Vulnerabilities

OPM System Potential Threats and Vulnerabilities Risk Assessment Report Purpose The purpose of conducting this risk assessment was to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities related to OPM System. The risk assessment will be used to identify possible risk mitigation plans related to Agency. The network was identified to have a potential high-risk during security assessment. Therefore, risk assessment is needed to be conducted to measure the impact of any breach that can result from the vulnerabilities discovered. Scope The companys system comprises several infrastructural components. The external interface is a series interactive web page that allows users to input data and receive the required information from the application. The system is built using Internet Information Server that uses Active Server Pages. The network infrastructure helps in the management of information transaction in the entire system. The web application, database and operating systems that support these components are all included in the scope. Making sure that the servers require several firewalls which are set up in almost all the network interconnection boundaries. Threats Cybercrime have been a major source of leak of personal, corporation and governmental leak. The OPM operates without a proper risk governance structure. The OPM does not have a structured and standardized monitoring system for security controls. The OPM failed to maintain accurate IT inventory that undermines all attempts at securing their information systems. Insider threats to information systems may be the biggest threats that any organization might face. The reason why they are said to be the biggest is that it becomes very difficult to determine who would betray your organization among the trusted employees. It is always very easy to ignore the threat within on the assumption that there is always that loyalty within only to realize that the root cause of the threats is from within. The common insider threats are: Theft of unsecured personal device is a very big threat as the mobile devices use in organizations are out of control. These devices can be used to access vital information about the organization not limited to Intellectual Property and Defense plan theft. External threats Some of the examples of external security threats to the information system of the organization are: Phishing attacks is an external attack where a hacker uses the scam to trick an employee into giving them their login details. They send emails that are embedded with a link that captures the details when entered by the employee. Denial of Service attack where the attacker gains access to the network of the organization and keeps users from having access to certain services. The hackers achieve this by disrupting how the host system functions. When the attacker floods all the computer ports instead of only certain port is called Direct denial of service attack. Spoofing occurs when an attacker masquerades as a legit host and steals the IP address, spoofs a website or hijacks a network system and by that means inject malicious codes that are developed to create damage to the system operations. They include Trojan horses, viruses, key-loggers, spyware and many others. Once they are planted in the system, they interrupt the functionality of the system by disabling the firewalls and giving access to the hackers (Catteddu Hogben, 2013). Impact Very Low Low Medium High Very High Likehood Very Likely Known Unpatched Exploit Digital Ransom Hackers / DDoS/ Malicious Codes Somewhat Likely Insiders / Phishing Attacks Partners / Competitors /Terrorists / Spoofing Likely Theft of IT equipment Man in the middle Not Likely Above is the risk matrix of threats that exist in many organizations. This includes their likeliness of occurrence and their level of impact of the attack. Vulnerabilities The OPM allows information systems to operate indefinitely without been subjected to a strict security controls assessment. The FISMA requirements, OMB policies and applicable NIST guidelines have not been followed through appropriately such as dated system inventory which includes the organization and contractor-operated systems. The Risk Assessment Matrix below shows the threat source, threat action likelihood of occurrence and the impact of the vulnerabilities involved. Vulnerability Threat Source Threat action Likelihood of occurrence Impact/s OPM applications do not require PIV authentication Unauthorized users and terminated employees Dialing into the companys database and access of critical information. Very high Loss of crucial data, loss of revenues through litigation expenses in case this information is misused. Unsupported software Terminated employees, Hackers and computer criminals Getting into the system using the unsupported software or any other software Very high This may lead to loss of sensitive files from the system of the company. Lack of annual assessment of its systems Unauthorized users, hackers and computer criminals Accessing the database of the company through hacking or any other way such as getting used to the pattern Very high Remote access of the data which may lead to the access of the data. Impact assessments for exploitation of security weaknesses The weakness of security makes the OPM exposed to data loss. The evaluation shows that OPM does not have a process to record or track security status making the process vulnerable. This also showed the need for OCIO to centrally track the current status of security weakness. Remediation On performance standards, systems owners had to be modified to fit the FISMA compliance systems. These were few remediation forwarded among others. OIG recommends that the OCIO develop and maintain a comprehensive inventory of all servers, databases, and network devices that reside on the OPM network. All active systems in OPMs inventory must have a complete and current Authorization. OPM must ensure that an annual test of security controls has been completed for all systems. Use of Access control is very important in making sure that access to information in the system is controlled. The use of passwords and usernames help the organization protect private data from landing the hands of authorized personnel. This technique is important in protection against threats like spoofing, packet hijacking, malicious codes and many others. RDBMS help in making the transactions within the systems quite efficient and effective because they provide the ACID tests that provide security to the transactions. The use of transaction logs also helps in tracking the changes that are made to the database. Firewall log files help in protecting the transaction within the system secure from attacks. Cryptography also applies complex mathematics and logic to design high-end encryption methods that allows system administrators to maintain confidence of the clients in the organizations operations. People are assured that their data is kept private using cryptography and very important in making sure that the database transactions are kept secured and lock out the attackers (Filipek Hudec, 2015). Cost/benefit analyses of remediation The OPM is working to improve their comprehensive security control system that will, later on, need periodic system authorization. Even though it may cost the organization high to have this work, it will be a win due to the security threats and vulnerabilities they face. Proper governance is needed to proactively implement cost-effective controls to protect critical information systems that support the mission and changing the risk management. High-level plan of action with interim milestones (POAM) The action was done through auditing standards accepted by the government. The standards requirement includes the systems that allows efficient auditing in order to extract sufficient informations and conclusion on any activities in the network. Considering OPM, internal controls were examined for various systems which had varying degrees of computer generated data. Summary This is a report on OPM Authorization program have concluded that OPM has not substantially defined the roles and responsibilities of all positions of the IT management structure. With the existent threats and vulnerabilities, there have been significant improvements to the monitoring program. REFERENCES Catteddu, D., Hogben, G. (2013). Cloud computing risk assessment: benefits, risks and recommendations for information security, ENISA report. Filipek, J., Hudec, L. (2015, June). Distributed firewall and cryptography using PKI in mobile Ad Hoc networks. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies (pp. 292-298). ACM.

Freud, Incest, Murder, and Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus Rex

Freud, Incest, Murder, and Oedipus Rex (the King)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A Freudian analysis of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex (the King) would show that Oedipus truly contained an incestuous nature. This was revealed not only by Oedipus' marriage to his own mother, by whom he had children, but also by his irrational preference for his daughters, Antigone and Ismene. While the attention he showered to his daughters was profound and sexually tinged, he dismissed his sons as creatures able to take care of themselves. Although he was unconsciously attracted to his daughters, he also feared that his daughters will become social outcasts and will be unable to marry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Freud in his Interpretation of Dreams made his now famous observations about Oedipus the King, he naturally focused on the main issue: that Oedipus killed his father and married his mother.(1) A further Freudian analysis of the play reveals another issue that came to dominate psychoanalysis: the preference of Oedipus for his daughters. Oedipus's preference for Antigone and Ismene appears only at the very end of the play, but it completes the picture of incest and murder in the family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although mentioned at intervals in the play, the children of Oedipus do not appear until the last few pages. After he discovers his real parents and blinds himself, Oedipus turns his attention to his children, who are innocent victims of events beyond their control. But his reaction is incredibly biased in favor of the daughters: Oedipus. Now, for my sons, Be not concerned for them: they can, being men, Fend for themselves, wherever they may be: But my unhappy daughters, my two girls,   whose chairs were always set beside my own At table - they who shared in every dish T... .... D. F. Kitto (Oxford; Oxford UP, 1962) 95. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sophocles, Three Tragedies, 96.    Works Consulted Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.    Ehrenberg, Victor. â€Å"Sophoclean Rulers: Oedipus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Fagles, Robert. "Introduction to Oedipus the King." In Sophocles' The Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Trans. Robert Fagles. NY: Penguin, 1984. 131-53. Sophocles. The Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus. Trans. Robert Fagles. NY: Penguin, 1984. 157-25 Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.   

How We Got The King James Version :: essays research papers

â€Å"The King James Version has become so sanctified by time and use that to many people it has come to be regarded as the Bible.† Our English Bible   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James I was born in 1566 and died in 1625. He belonged to the House of Stuart along with all the other Kings of Scotland and a few from England. James I became the King of England when Elizabeth I, his cousin, died. This happened in the year 1603. When he took over the English throne, he was also the King of Scotland and ruled under the name of King James IV. He ruled both England and Scotland until he died. Charles I, James’s son, was the successor to both of the thrones. James believed in the divine right of kings, the ability to rule as a king from God, not the people. James had many thing named after him, and Jamestown is probably the most famous other that the King James Version of the Bible. James, formerly know as King James VI of Scotland, is accredited with this version of the translation of the Bible. Around 1603, James came to England for the reason of succeeding Elizabeth in the throne and became King James I. As soon as he arrived in England, the Hampton Court Conference was held for the reason to hear of the problems of the church. This conference failed its purpose, but one of the best translations of the word of God came from it. John Reynolds, president of Corpus Christi College, was the sole motivator for this new translation and he was the one that got King James to start on the translation. His immediately got James attention and he soon started the translations soon after There was one stipulation that James had and it was that there be no notes in the margins of the new book. He found all those notes to be untrue and dangerous to kings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within Six months the general plans were drawn up and ready to be carried out. James had had to choose scholars that he thought were trustworthy and ready for the task ahead. His original list consisted of 54 of these scholars. Before it was over with, this list had dwindled down to 47. The reason for the drop in number was because of death and also some of the scholars withdrew from the work. Now that all these men had been chosen, they had to be dived up into teams. How We Got The King James Version :: essays research papers â€Å"The King James Version has become so sanctified by time and use that to many people it has come to be regarded as the Bible.† Our English Bible   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James I was born in 1566 and died in 1625. He belonged to the House of Stuart along with all the other Kings of Scotland and a few from England. James I became the King of England when Elizabeth I, his cousin, died. This happened in the year 1603. When he took over the English throne, he was also the King of Scotland and ruled under the name of King James IV. He ruled both England and Scotland until he died. Charles I, James’s son, was the successor to both of the thrones. James believed in the divine right of kings, the ability to rule as a king from God, not the people. James had many thing named after him, and Jamestown is probably the most famous other that the King James Version of the Bible. James, formerly know as King James VI of Scotland, is accredited with this version of the translation of the Bible. Around 1603, James came to England for the reason of succeeding Elizabeth in the throne and became King James I. As soon as he arrived in England, the Hampton Court Conference was held for the reason to hear of the problems of the church. This conference failed its purpose, but one of the best translations of the word of God came from it. John Reynolds, president of Corpus Christi College, was the sole motivator for this new translation and he was the one that got King James to start on the translation. His immediately got James attention and he soon started the translations soon after There was one stipulation that James had and it was that there be no notes in the margins of the new book. He found all those notes to be untrue and dangerous to kings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within Six months the general plans were drawn up and ready to be carried out. James had had to choose scholars that he thought were trustworthy and ready for the task ahead. His original list consisted of 54 of these scholars. Before it was over with, this list had dwindled down to 47. The reason for the drop in number was because of death and also some of the scholars withdrew from the work. Now that all these men had been chosen, they had to be dived up into teams.

Prevention of Colon Cancer through Proper Nutrition Essay

Incidence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Colon cancer is the third most often diagnosed cancer and is the second primary cause of cancer deaths in North America. The incidence is approximately 650,000 cases every year worldwide and has been increasing in the past few years. However, the mortality rate has decreased in 2002; the worldwide incidence was 278,000 male and 251,000 female cases every year (Landis, Murray, Bolden, & Wingo, 1999). In people 65 years or older, the incidence rate of colon cancer is 70% (Parkin, Whelan, Ferlay, Raymond, & Young, 1997). In people not more than 65 years old, the incidence is about 120 new cases for every 100,000 inhabitants every year; in people aged 55-75, the incidence of colon cancer is approximately 200 for every 100,000 inhabitants every year   (Jemal et al., 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The lifetime risk of colorectal cancer in the general population is 2.5% to 5%, which means that 25-50 out of 100 people will get colon cancer in their lifetimes (Adrouny, 2002). This risk is increased two- or threefold if there is a first-degree relative who has had an adenomatous polyp or cancer. Mortality is about 90 for every 100,000 inhabitants per year (Jemal et al., 2004). The male-to-female ratio varies from 1.0 to 1.4 depending on the tumor registry that is reporting the data (Adrouny, 2002). The risk of colon cancer increases with age. The majority of cases occur in people over the age of sixty. In people between the ages of forty and fifty years the incidence of colon cancer is 15 new cases per 100,000 persons (Adrouny, 2002). Modifiable Risk Factors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While many mechanisms remain ambiguous, many studies have indicated that a number of lifestyle and dietary factors are likely to have significant consequences on the risk of colon cancer. Smoking early in life, probably in combination with a diet that has no or low in some micronutrients like methinine and folate, is likely to increase the risk of colon cancer. Other environmental exposures, such as smoking, are also likely to be involved in causing colon cancer. Moreover, overeating, weight gain in adulthood, and obesity are strongly implicated as risk factors for colon cancer. Not only are obesity and weight gain associated with the presence of adenomatous polyps, but so is weight variability over a period (Adrouny, 2002). Physical inactivity or sedentary occupation is also a major risk factor for colon cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Giovannucci (2002), processed meats, red meat, and possibly refined carbohydrates may increase colon cancer risks. Also, more recent evidence show that chronic hyperinsulinemia is likely to have an influence on colon cancer risks. As insulin resistance and subsequent hyperinsulinemia is induced by excess energy intake and some characteristics of the Western diet, such as refined carbohydrates and saturated fats, insulin may contribute to colon cancer (Giovannucci, 2002). In addition, agents with chemopreventive properties like postmenopausal estrogens and aspirin are likely to have unpleasant effects, thus making general recommendations require a cautious consideration of the risk-benefit ratio. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of colon cancer may still be incompletely understood, it is acknowledged that the anatomic precursor of colon cancer is the adenomatous polyp. Basically, adenoma is a benign growth from a glandular tissue; a polyp is a growth protruding from a mucous membrane. People who have adenomatous polyps in the colon are at increased risk of developing cancer. One major non-modifiable risk factor is the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Here, an affected individual develops hundreds or thousands of polyps by his or her teen years, any one of which may develop into a cancer. Preventive action, usually consisting of repeated examination or removal of the colon, is necessary, along with careful screening of family members for this disorder. The Gardner syndrome is probably a variant of FAP; it occurs about half as frequently and has similar clinical features. It may affect the small intestine as well as the colon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oldfield and Turcot syndromes might be related to FAP. While the former is associated with sebaceous cysts, the latter is associated with tumors of the central nervous system and may be transmitted by an autosomal recessive gene. Another risk factor for colon cancer is hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Although these forms of colon cancer arise from polyps, individuals do not have an abundant proliferation of polyps as in the abovementioned polyposis syndromes. The polyps that are found in family members have an extraordinarily high likelihood of progressing to cancer. Prevention   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The large body of evidence shows that it is feasible to prevent colon cancer. In their study, Emmons et al. (2005) approximate that a significant fraction of the colon cancer risk in the middle-aged men in the United States might be avoidable with optimal common lifestyle and dietary behaviors. National recommendations and clinical practice and for adult men and women in the US already promoted the following for the prevention of cancer in general, and colon cancer in particular: controlling of obesity, quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, increasing physical activity, consuming more fruits and vegetables and diets that are low in saturated fat (American Cancer Society, 1996). The following prevention practices are specifically aimed at middle aged (30-50 years) American men. As mentioned earlier in this paper, there is a higher incidence rate of colon cancer in men than women, and that this age bracket is highly at risk for colon cancer. The focus is the primary prevention of colon cancer by consuming more fruits and vegetables.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The consumption of fruits and vegetables as a measure in preventing colon cancer has been supported in many studies (e.g., Smith-Warner, Genkinger, & Giovannucci, 2006). It was found that for total vegetables, 75% of the results reported in 22 case-control studies suggested that colon cancer risk was reduced by at least 20% for those in the highest compared with the lowest intake category, with 33% of the estimates indicating that the reduction in risk exceeded 50%. For total fruits, the results have been less consistent among 19 case-control studies; 48% of the risk estimates suggested at least a 20% reduction in risk and only 11% showed more than a 50% lower risk for the highest versus the lowest intakes (Kousnik et al., 2007). Furthermore, in an earlier review of 21 case-control and four cohort studies by an international panel, credible evidence was found that vegetable consumption indeed reduces colon cancer risks (World Cancer Research Fund, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies have also suggested that dietary calcium plays a role in protecting against colon cancer; it may do so by binding fatty acids and bile acids and directly inhibiting abnormal growth of colon epithelial cells. Fruits and vegetables are thought to reduce the risk of colon cancer because they have a higher composition of fiber compared to other diets. On the other hand, diets low in fiber and high in fat intake are thought to increase the risk of the cancer. Thus, it is not surprising that, in Africa and Asia, where dietary customs place emphasis on high-fiber, low-fat foods, fruits, and vegetables, people have lower incidence of colon cancer compared to the United States and Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The major explanation for the protective effect of cereal fiber is not known. One of the most convincing theories is that fiber has a dilutional effect on fecal ingredients which may cause development of cancer. It also has an effect on the faster passage of stool through the bowel, thus reducing cell damage and contact time (Adrouny, 2002). In general, however, more recent epidemiologic research has tended not to support the strong influence of fiber in preventing colon cancer; instead, some phytochemicals or micronutrients in foods rich in fiber may be important. Folate is one nutrient that has of late been receiving much attention and is increasingly being studied in randomized intervention trials. Recent research suggests that persons who supplement their diet with at least 800 micrograms of the vitamin folic acid on a daily basis have a reduced incidence of colon cancer (Adrouny, 2002). References    American Cancer Society. (1996). Guidelines on diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention. Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 46, 325-341. Giovannucci, E. (2002). Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterology Clinic North America, 31, 925-43. Jemal, A., Clegg, L. X., Ward, E., Ries, L. A., Wu, X., Jamison, P. M. et al. (2004). Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2001. Cancer, 101, 3–27. Koushik, A., Hunter, D. J., Spiegelman, D., Beeson, W. L., van den Brandt, P. A., Buring, J. E. et al. (2007). Fruits, Vegetables, and Colon Cancer Risk in a Pooled Analysis of 14 Cohort Studies. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 99, 1471-1483. Landis, S.H., Murray, T., Bolden, S., & Wingo, P. A. (1999). Cancer statistics 1999, Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 49, 8–31 Parkin, D. M., Whelan, S. L., Ferlay, J., Raymond, L., &Young, J. (Eds.). (1997), Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Lyon: IARC Press. Smith-Warner, S. A., Genkinger, J., & Giovannucci, E. (2006). Fruit and vegetable intake and cancer. In D. Heber, G. L. B;ackburn, V. L. Go, & J. Milner (Eds.), Nutritional oncology (97-173). Burlington, MA: Elsevier. World Cancer Research Fund. (2007). Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington (DC): American Institute for Cancer Research.   

Importance of Child Friendly Education Essay

All this does not mean that you turn your class into a place of dreary learning. First of all, the activities you would use with adults can work, but make them shorter. For example, a role play may have to last five minutes instead of 10. Also make sure activities are varied: an activity that involves moving about and noise needs to be followed by a quiet task that allows kids to â€Å"cool down†. Remember also that children will not do a task because it is good for their English. Tasks need an end result rather than being open-ended. Building in a quiz or competitive element can work or ask learners to produce work that is displayed on the wall. It’s a great feeling when the children are busy, but their enjoyment of a task might manifest itself in terms of noise. Develop signals to get attention. This can be a raised hand or switching off the lights. Whatever you do, don’t try to out-shout a class because they will always win. Where groups of children are getting really loud it may be time to change the groups around. Adults like praise, but children really love praise. Avoid over-praising individuals and try to compliment whole groups. Use affirmative commands like, â€Å"Please speak English† rather than negative reprimands like, â€Å"Stop speaking Spanish!† You’ll also avoid problems if you set out rules at the beginning of the course. If possible, involve the children in preparing and writing out the class rules – it is especially good practice with modal verbs. A child that then breaks these rules will see greater justice than if you make up your own rules on the spot. More importantly, you will be punishing the inappropriate behaviour, not the child.

Making Children Hate Reading Essay

Making children hate reading is a book by John Halt. It shows the way he teached and his opinion of others and the method he used to help the children with their literacy skills. In John Halt’s book there are some methods he used that I don’t agree with and some that I do agree with. I will give detailed accounts of both teaching methods I agree with and one’s I don’t agree with the I will let you decide whether you agree with his teaching or not. In the beginning John Halt tells us that he never gave one of his students the opportunity to say what they really thought about a book or magazine. The children persuaded him to tell him what he wants to hear, so that when he asks them a question they can answer it and receive approval. He also gives the students tests about the books and vocabulary lists which they have to learn, also that if they came across a word they didn’t know to look it up in the dictionary and not to bother him. His nephew was given a book to read which in john halts opinion was bad book. Then the teacher proceeded to make sure they children under stood every single word and the meaning of sed words. John agreed with this method and used it on his own students. John halt began to question some of the teaching methods. With regards to looking up words you do not know in the dictionary, he was beginning to think twice. He had never looked up a word that he didn’t know in the dictionary he merely continued reading hard books and eventually gathered the meanings of the words he did not understand. As John taught a verity of age groups in the same mental area he started to develop theories about why students reading and writing suffer. His theory, Teachers. Or specifically English teachers. When a student is forced to read aloud it makes them nervous. They then stumble when reading and sometimes forget how to pronounce a word. Then the students start to laugh and the teacher makes them feel embarrassed. If this happens a few times then that person is put of reading and will sometimes refuse altogether to read out loud. For example when I was five years old I started school, and I was really happy, I couldn’t wait. When I got to English I was put in an advanced class because my vocabulary was extremely good for my age. I was told to read and I read well, until I came across a word that I didn’t know how to say it and all the other kids in the classroom started laughing at me. That made me feel really bad and at such a vulnerable age having that humiliation changed everything about school life for me. Ever since then I do not like reading aloud it makes me nervous. I can read aloud when im on my own but when it comes to speaking in front of people it really puts be back. Even now I steel have difficulty with speaking aloud an example of this is this year in English. We were told to talk about a character from the play Macbeth. To explain what their role in the play was. We were to sit in front of the class. I had planned out a really good piece of work but everyone else did something different and I’m used to being told of if I do something different so I jumped the notes and tried to make it up as I went along. Alas this did not work my nerves got the better of me and I got a lousy grade. This story show that it can happen only one time and it can change everything to do with speaking. John Halt realized this and tried to change it. He tried having the students that were nervous read aloud more often but sadly this did not work either. He was stumped. Then BAM. It hit him. If he lets the students read books that they want to read then maybe this will help then and guess what. It did. The holidays were coming up and John decided to try something new. Something that no other English teacher has done before. He told his students to read as many books as they wanted and he would not be testing them on it. So just enjoy reading books. He also said that if you don’t like a book red the first forty pages to give the writer a chance to get his story going and then If you don’t like the characters and you don’t care what happens to them put the book down and find a book you do want to read. He had found a way to help students come over their fear of reading aloud but the students still suffered from writing. Not being able to write what they were thinking down. John Halt devised a way to deal with this too. He had a new class and decided now was the right time to try out his theory. He split his class into groups and told them to write about anything they wanted as long as it wasn’t just the same word over and over again for the whole page. This worked very well. All the students including the not so bright students to come up with incredible stories. Their favorite stories were written by one of their class mates who had been writing a lot of his stories about things that happened to John Halt, they all found them very amazing and humorous stories. One day he decided to give them a topic to write about instead, and of course they all wined until they found out what they were going to write about. They were all enthusiastic that they would be writing about the day the school burnt down. John then heard about a professor had come up with another idea, which he decided to bring to hi classroom. He told his students that they were to write about anything non stop for twenty minuets, and if they got stuck keep writing the sentence before until an idea comes to you. This of course was a genus idea and it did indeed help students with their writing and although John Halt did not know it at the time, all the students handwriting and their spelling had improved just by helping them think for themselves. If you agree with the harsh way of teaching with all the x-raying books and what not and telling them to look it up in the dictionary so that they don’t bother you then I have a piece of advice for you. DON’T BECOME A TEACHER!!! If you agree with the kind helpful way of teaching good on you. Its people like you that make are country great. You picked the right side to be on, because all you old folk who still believe in the harsh stuff, be warned we are coming to get you. It’s your chouse of course, just letting you know what will happen if you pick the dark side. MWA HA HA HA HA.

Media – ‘Die Another Day’

In the making of the film Die Another Day the creators needed to produce a piece of work that would carry on appealing to many of the audience. They needed to create a film that would be entertaining for the younger generation as new followers of Bond films, while still keeping the same basic formula that had appealed to the older audience for many years. These films have been in the cinemas for forty years and are the longest running film series ever, so this shows the original class of Bond film must work very well. Today each time a Bond film comes out there are increasing box office receipts, partly due to the popularity of the Brosnan Bond films. Nevertheless, the producers thought that the twentieth Bond film needed a change. Either the film style needed changing or an extra dimension needed to be added. They decided to try to keep what they saw as the superior quality of the series of films but to attempt to add more dynamic action and dare-devil stunts to their winning formula. They felt a need to create more tension and excitement. Several special filming techniques help to create tension and excitement. For example a wide variety of shots make the audience feel that they have a good overall view of the ice-lake chase because the camera is constantly cutting, letting the audience know exactly what's happening from every angle. Cutting provides a vast variety of shots in a small space of time i. e. distance shots, rapidly followed by close up shots make the audience feel up-to-date and involved in what is happening. It gives fast-moving action by using close-up and distance shots, for example Zao's cool smirk as Bond's car overturns. Framing is skillfully used to provide the audience with a snap shot of a character's reaction. For example, when Bond's car is overturned we are shown a close up of Zao's smirking face. I think this successfully makes the audience feel involved. Framing is also used to emphasize Zao's disbelief as Bond manages to flip the car back over. By adding daredevil action and special effects the producers manage to create the extra tension particularly enjoyed by the fast-action-loving younger generation. One reason why the Bond films are so successful is because of the excitement and tension in the films even though everyone knows Bond will save the day, kill the baddy and save anyone else caught up in the action, including his lady friend. Even though we know the basis of what will happen in the film before it is premiered at the cinema, we still enjoy the films. I believe that one of the main reasons for this is the thrill of all the action in the Bond films and the original high class of Bond movies, which not only made the earlier films a success, but also continues to make their popularity grow.

Student Protest at Gigantic State University Essay

Student Protest at Gigantic State University - Essay Example Lastly, the whole demonstration by the students was a criminal act since it was not sanctioned by the university. Furthermore, the incident also had some elements of negligence since in the first instance, there were no security officers outside the offices of the president. The university is bound by law to protect its employees against any acts that may cause bodily and psychological harm or endanger their lives. As such, by not providing security to these offices, the university failed to protect Prudence and the president of the university. Additionally, the university security took a total of ten minutes before responding to Prudence’s call during which she underwent a horrifying experience. These instances show that the university was negligent in ensuring security for its employees, within its compound. Furthermore, Mr. Chandler could be held accountable for negligence seeing as he was asleep during the entire incident, whereby had he been awake at the time, then the ev ents herein would not have escalated the way they did. From the beginning the students abused their right to freedom of expression by engaging in violent conduct during the protests. Moreover, they did not use the legal channels in which to air their grievances. The students also broke the law through forced entry as well as trespassing in the offices of the president of the university. The students also violated the rights of Prudence and the university president by unlawfully detaining them in the offices. Furthermore, the university also broke the law in that it failed to protect Prudence; hence, it was in breach of their contract agreement. In terms of liability for the damages caused during the protest, the university should be held responsible for the mental damage on Prudence since the University, according to the law of liability, is responsible for any torts committed by its students in case of student protests which in this incident are classified under intentional torts a nd unintentional torts, in reference to negligence by the university. The university may also hold the student body liable for all the physical damages that resulted from their actions on that day. This incidence incurs several counts of both intentional torts and unintentional torts. The university is tortuously liable in the category of intentional torts, specifically assault and battery where the student leader knocks the phone and threatens to shoot her head off. Additionally, the university is also liable under the intentional torts for infliction of emotional distress which resulted in Prudence being unable to return to work for a week and is now dependent on tranquilizers. The president of the university could also sue the institution and the students for unlawful imprisonment. In the category of unintentional torts, the university is liable for negligence since it failed to provide security for both Prudence and the university president while the security officers did not re spond on time after Prudence’s distress call. Moreover, both Mr. Chandler and the University are liable under the unintentional torts with reference to negligence arising out of the fact that Mr. Chandler was asleep during the entire incident. Court Brief Facts Students held an illegal demonstration in President Chandler’

Health disparities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health disparities - Research Paper Example I come from a nuclear family of six. I have two sisters and one brother all of whom are college graduates and are athletes. My father and mother have been married for twenty eight years. My father works in real estate and my mother is a teacher in an elementary school. I embrace black history and the African American culture (Andrews et. al., 2010). An artifact of my personal culture of origin is the preparation of food by deep frying and seasoning food with ham, ham hocks, or gravy. Many of the rites of my personal culture of origin revolve around food. Our cherished food called soul food is made of ribs, cornbread, fried pork chops, and chicken. Many people from my culture have a liking for butter, pork fat and salt as a flavour. Whereas these foods are good and we love them, they contain high amount of fat and sodium chloride that are associated with obesity and arthritis. Undeniably, people from my culture are fond of dining out and I would agree with studies that claim that we dine out two or more times weekly. Whereas this habit is desired and observed by many even from outside my culture, when we dine out, we take less serving of vegetables and fruits. The fast foods we take from fast food restaurants are associated with high calories and low essential micronutrients. This is one of the factors that have been cited in ex plaining the high statistics of African American people struggling excessive weight gain (Karmeen & Kulkarni, 2004). Generally, most African Americans get at least three children. This has an advantage of providing the family members of an African American family with familial support that is good for esteem and health. A large family size is good for health especially in terms of providing care to each other even when ailing. Despite this advantage, a large family size contributes to reduced nutritional care especially in light of the generally low socioeconomic status of many African Americans. This taxes the quality of health of

Phase 4 Individual Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Phase 4 Individual Project - Assignment Example In cases where the producing the duplicates is burdensome or exists as a public record, producing an original copy is not a must. Another exemption applies when the parties to a trial admit to the existence of the evidence through a written record. Judges have the power to determine whether a piece of evidence satisfy the rules guiding the use of duplicates as outlined in rules number 1001 to 1008, and 1004 to 1008. Judges derive these powers by virtue of rule number 1008. However there is an exception to these rules which allows the jury to look into the evidence to determine whether an original copy of the duplicate ever existed or the evidence in question is an original copy. The jury also reviews whether the unoriginal duplicate represents correctly the facts and opinion’s contained in the original copy. These rules are implemented by the United States court system for the purpose of proving the content of a written document, photography and recording. The rationale in the application of these rules is to ensure that the best available evidence is used in a trial (Garland, 2006). This is to avoid inaccuracies that arise in the following scenarios, In the case Olmstead v. United States of America, there are restrictions in the use of wiretapping as evidence in a trial court. This case occurred in 1928, and involved the legality of producing wire tapped private conversation as pieces of evidence by United States law enforcement officers. The use of these pieces of evidence was examined according to the provisions of the Fourth and Fifth Amendment of the American constitution. These sections outline the rights of the defendants in a trial. The Supreme Court was of the opinion that use of such evidence does not violate the provisions of the Fourth and Fifth Amendment concerning the rights of the defendants. The decision of the Supreme

US Airline Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

US Airline Industry - Essay Example Southwest first expanded to the East Coast in 1993, with service to Baltimore-Washington International Airport. In 1994, the company acquired Morris Air, a Salt Lake City, Utah based airline. That same year, Southwest launched several programs to cut costs. A ticket less system reduced travel agents commissions, and Southwest began to use an in-house reservation system. By 1997, Southwest Airlines served cities in all parts of the continental United States. This same year, Southwest formed an alliance with Icelandair. This agreement enabled Southwest passengers to connect from several United States cities to Europe through Icelandairs Baltimore hub. The company completed its first non-stop transcontinental flight in 1998, thus establishing Southwest as a formidable domestic competitor. In this paper potential areas of improvement, and how Southwest Airlines can gain its own advantage in the industry will be discussed. Southwest ranked number one in on-time performance for several years according to [The Department of Transportations Air Travel Consumer Report]" (Goh, 2007, 103). This punctuality can be attributed the companys ticket less system and no-frills approach to air travel. The ticket less system reduces costs for both consumers and Southwest. Travel agents and ticket brokers are eliminated from the ticketing process. This also minimizes the lengthy check-in processes by eliminating physical transactions between customer service representatives and the consumer. All that is required is a reservation number and a form of identification to receive a reusable boarding pass, which enables the customer to board quickly. Southwests no-frill approach reduces preparation time by eliminating the time required for three optional services. The first service to be bypassed is the meal distribution by flight attendants. Southwest does not serve meals on any flight regardless of duration. This severely reduces the time required of planes while sitting

In General, Toyota's Foreign Plants Have Achieved Productivity Levels Essay

In General, Toyota's Foreign Plants Have Achieved Productivity Levels Similar To Those In Japan - Essay Example This system involves team and individual discipline in the assembly line operation and a paradigm shift from doing quantity production to creating quality products the first time. Toyotas culture of quality work and continuous improvement through a team-based work place as implemented by Ohno Taichi has made Toyotas manufacturing facilities and assembly lines efficient and effective. Without the aggressive implementation of these corporate values of discipline, quality and continuous improvement, Toyotas lean production system would have been a failure and productivity would not have increased. The culture of Toyota has become the company strength and competitive advantage in the automobile industry. A global corporation is defined as an organization that coordinate and integrates its activities on a worldwide basis. It offers its customers a standardized product or services. The company is a highly centralized structure. The role of local subsidiaries is to assemble and sell products developed centrally. (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). Toyota as a manufacturer of automobile products has highly standardized its product, manufacturing processes, and operations in all of its facilities worldwide. The production process of Japan and foreign plants of Toyota utilizes the Kanban system, a simplified assembly line called Global Body Line and supplier support system. The allocation of resources, responsibilities, and controls are centralized on a global basis towards the home-country, Japan.

September 11, 2001 and the Global War on Terror Essay

September 11, 2001 and the Global War on Terror - Essay Example special intelligence unit was set up by Secretary of Defense who proved al-Qaeda as the possible terrorist organization, even in absence of any proofs. A number of experts have related Sepoy Mutiny, as a conventional version of suicidal attacks of September 11, 2001, and Global War on Terror with the United States attempt to dominate the globe with its absolute military supremacy.** (Johnson, pp. 139) In specific, this paper will try to understand different aspects of 9/11 attacks and the responsive Global War on Terrori in light of readings from the given text. The abovementioned suicidal attacks of September 11, 2001 resulted in deaths of 2974 people in the country. Civilians were the irresistible majority of casualties in these attacks. Additionally, collapse of the World Trade Center resulted in contaminated dust that resulted in the deaths of many people due to lung disease. In light of such tragedy and losses of human lives, a golden opportunity was provided to the United States for removal of Taliban from the face of the globe without support from any of the countries. (Johnson, pp. 181) A number of experts indicated that public relations activities of the Pentagon were boosted and went to its pinnacle only hours after the 9/11 attacks, which assaulted Afghani Taliban, al-Qaeda, and Saddam Hussein behind these devlish attacks. On the other hand, Central Asian oil politics was one of the hidden and significant causes of the Global War on Terror besides the responsive action after the 9/11 attacks. (Johnson, pp. 181) A War on Terrorism was declared by the United States soon after the 9/11 attacks, and deposition of Taliban’s involvement in the attacks resulted in launching of invasion of Afghanistan. The USA Patriot Act was passed for the abovementioned deposition of harbor of al-Qaeda militants. In the result, law enforcement authorities were expanded by a number of other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Pakistan, etc. Some of the critics

Respons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Respons - Essay Example I agree with the author because using phone while walking is dangerous as it distracts a person from external environment and causes accidents and even death. Many a times, people underestimate the negative consequences of using a cell phone while walking or driving. For instance, last week while I was walking along the side way, I saw a young man talking on the phone and crossing the road. In a second, I could here is scream as he was hit by a car and injured his leg. Here Matt Ritchell is right in focusing on multi – tasking while on phone as it is a very dangerous act. The use of cell- phone can have many adverse effect including legal penalties .It is seen that many times children use cell phone at schools which can get them punishment. Last month, one of my neighbor’s kid was thrown out of class due the use of cell phone during class hours. Even at work, excessive use of cell phone can result in harmful consequences. Few days back my friend’s brother was fired from work due to his excessive texting at work. In the article â€Å"Behavior: Imitation of Film: Heres Smoking at You, Kid† Nicholas Bakalar claims of the imitation of smoking behavior in children due to watching smoking in movies. Generally children have a high tendency to imitate, and smoking is the most easily imitated behavior from movies. According to a study conducted with 6522 children nationwide it was revealed that children exposed to smoking in movies had two and half times chance to start smoking. I agree with the author here as it is a proven fact that children exposed to smoking through movies have a high tendency to end up as smokers in future. It is usually observed that parents and government authorities ignore the effect of smoking in movies on young children. When last time I visited movies, I have noticed bunch of young children smoking outside the theatre.It could be that these children were regular visitor to

The opportunities for Amazing Ideas to establish and launch its Assignment

The opportunities for Amazing Ideas to establish and launch its Transition Windows product in the Australian market - Assignment Example There are opportunities that exist for the company to pursue in the Australian market given its limited strengths. Recommendations These will be founded on facts fathered during the research process on whether the company should go ahead and launch its product-transition windows and make its entrance in the Australian market. Table of Contents Table of Contents 4 Introduction 5 2. Phase one report 5 B. Company mission Statement 5 C. Amazing ideas Strategies 6 D. Industry analysis 6 E. Target Market Profile 6 F. Product Profile 7 G. Country Readiness 7 H. SWOT Analysis 7 3. Phase two report 8 A. Place (Location) 8 B. Macro-level screening 9 C. Indicators of Market Accessibility 9 D. Micro-Level Criteria Screening 10 E. Phase II Conclusions and Recommendation 10 A. Competitive Analysis 11 C. Market entry 11 5. Entry mode 11 6. Market Segmentation 12 7. Promotion 13 8. Summary conclusion and Recommendations 13 Introduction The purpose of this document is to present a study of the opport unities for Amazing Ideas to establish and launch its Transition Windows product in the Australian market. This research process provided an opportunity to prepare a thorough analysis of Amazing Ideas and its product- Transition Windows, in order to present a detailed report on opportunities available in the Australian market. This document includes background information that is developed with the assistance of a SWOT analysis. Using this analysis, both market and sales potentials in Australia were studied resulting into the development of entry strategies and marketing plans with conclusions and recommendations for pursuing this wonderful opportunity in Australia (Stapleton,1997)2. 2. Phase one...This document includes background information that is developed with the assistance of a SWOT analysis. Using this analysis, both market and sales potentials in Australia were studied resulting into the development of entry strategies and marketing plans with conclusions and recommendatio ns for pursuing this wonderful opportunity in Australia (Stapleton,1997) . 2. Phase one report The objective of this phase is to conduct an in-depth situation analysis to establish a basis to assist in determining the company’s opportunities to compete in the market. Here is the scenario. A. Company Background Amazing Ideas a company that is to be headquartered in Australia, is eyeing to venture into the Australian market with its new product, Transition window. This company was established by students from the Swinburne University of Technology in the first year of marketing tutorial class. During this session the students came up with idea of transition windows with hopes of launching their invention which holds a considerable appeal to a potential Australian Market.

Morality and God Essay Example for Free

Morality and God Essay Morality only exists if we believe in God; therefore if God doesn’t exist there is no morality. There have been so many evil acts committed in the name of God that it is difficult to maintain that a belief in God equates to morality. There are situations that happen every day where decisions are made based off of human rights that contradict the word of God. Morality comes from within, it is an understanding of right versus wrong and the ability to choose what is right. Knowing all this a belief in God is not a requirement for a person to be moral. (Mosser, 2011) We are taught that morals are basically the difference between right and wrong. A child may be taught that stealing is wrong because it hurts the store owner and can ruin the child’s reputation. Or the child may be told that if they steal they will be punished because God is always watching. The child has learned the fundamental difference between right and wrong, even if the reasoning is different. This will allow the child to make moral decisions when they grow up whether it is based off of human compassion or fear of God. If we accept that the child understands right from wrong regardless of their reason, we accept that God is not a requirement to be a moral person. If a person observes an act of violence or torture, they are morally required to stop it. In biblical times these acts were not only accepted but encouraged by the bible. Today, a person would not ignore these things simply because they did not believe in God. There are human rights that we believe each person is entitled to and someone with good morals would help out another person in need because it is the right thing to do. If it turned out that God does not exist, violence and torture would not suddenly become acceptable. (Mosser, 2011) Mass acceptance of a belief does not make it right. Ancient religions that believed in numerous gods have been pushed aside as fairy tales, for the more widely accepted belief in a single God. During their time those gods were prayed to just as fervently as today’s God. What was accepted as true back then is now known as a fable, and the laws of the day have been wiped away and replaced with our modern laws. These laws were put in to place to punish people who do wrong to others. They have become the moral balance. If you do wrong you will be punished, if you continue to do what is right you will live unmolested and enjoy your freedoms. God is not a requirement for someone to act morally, because there are earthly punishments for crimes. There is no right or wrong without God because He determines what is right and wrong. Moral standards cannot be enforced without God to ensure that we are punished or rewarded for our acts. Someone who does not believe in God may change their morals to whatever suits them at the time. We have been given guidelines by God on what is morally acceptable, and informed of the punishment that comes with being immoral. When an individual does not believe in God they cannot be a moral person, because they have no moral standards. (Millard, A. 2000) The Ten Commandments give us a basic understanding of what is right and wrong. These Commandments along with various scriptures from the bible determine which acts are moral and which are immoral. An individual who witnesses a crime but does not believe in God can simply decide that they are not responsible for stopping the crime. This may lead one to believe that if a non-believer does something right that they have morals. This is not the case, because they could just as easily do wrong and their conscience would have been just as clear. They have no moral compass to tell them that this act is leading them astray from God. (Riskin, S. 2007) If one does not believe in God they cannot know right from wrong and cannot do what is right because they do not have the understanding. The lack of a belief in God means that rules do not have to be followed. If you do not fear the wrath of God, there is nothing to stop you from committing immoral acts, or any crimes for that matter. Any situation can be overlooked because there is no fear of punishment without a fear of God. Only a person with a firm belief in God can be considered moral because they fear His punishment and desire his reward. God is the only person great enough to enforce moral standards, without his guidance there can be no binding morals. Moral standards come from God and without Him a person cannot be moral. When we talk in absolutes we ignore possibilities that exist outside of our beliefs. There are many examples of individuals that believed in God who acted immorally, as well as examples of people who do not believe in God acting with good morals. Their beliefs do not determine their morality, their acts do. If we are to base morality solely on a belief in God then which believer do we follow? Do we follow the believer who commits crimes, or only the believer who is an upstanding member of society? Adolf Hitler was raised as a Catholic, and in his adult life spoke of his religious beliefs. He wanted to create a pure Germany, through a religion known as positive Christianity. Positive Christianity removed the Jewish elements from the standard Christianity doctrine and replaced them with Nazi philosophy. More than six million Jewish people were killed during the Holocaust in the ideal of positive Christianity. Bill Gates is noted as saying he does not know if there is a God or not, yet he donates billions of dollars to Charity every year. The foundation he formed with his wife to address extreme poverty and poor health in third world countries has brought attention and relief to millions of people across the globe. These acts were not done in the hopes that they would be rewarded, but instead to help the human condition. A general concern about the welfare of our neighbors is not exclusive to God. Not every action is based solely off of a person’s morals. There are many reasons people decide to do things and we cannot judge a person’s moral standing off of a single action. We do not look at Adolf Hitler and say that he is a great moral figure because he believed in God. On the same note we do not look at Bill Gates, a non-believer and say that he is immoral. We look at their actions over time and determine whether or not they acted morally. We know that killing millions of innocent people is immoral; just as we know that helping sick and injured people is moral. Which God you believe in determines what you consider to be moral. Muslims agree that polygamy is acceptable. Protestants and the Jewish believe divorce is acceptable if certain conditions are met. Catholics are strictly against both polygamy and divorce. Which God is morally right? All of these groups worship the same God, so perhaps it is the translation of the word of God that is in question. When we look at this we begin to have a better understanding that God’s contradictory words could bring the thought of what is moral crumbling down. There are many controversial moral endorsements in the bible that are accepted today. There are also commands given that are ignored because they are no longer socially accepted as truth. Exodus 20:13 says we must not kill. However, Leviticus 20:13 tells us that if a man lies with another man he must be put to death. There are many debates and arguments over whether homosexuality is moral, but we overlook the second part of the scripture because it is no longer held as a valid punishment. The times have changed and we cannot murder or we will go to jail. Leviticus 19:19 says it is a sin to wear clothes made from two different types of material. You will be hard pressed to find anyone backing up this claim today. (King James Bible) Many religious people have chosen scripture from the bible to suit their lifestyles over the years, but ignore things that are no longer socially accepted as immoral. They hold others to strict standards on matters that they do not agree on and use verses from the bible to support their viewpoint. If everyone used the internal right versus wrong approach to morality there would be less confusion on which standards we held each other to. It is unfair to condemn someone for something using half of a statement from the bible, and then ignore the rest of the statement because it does not agree with current beliefs. Our faith, lessons from our parents or even witnessing other people’s actions are different reasons to decide what we believe is moral. All three have flaws that can lead to differing views on the same subject. However, at the end of the day there are certain things that everyone accepts as morally right, or morally wrong. These are situations where it does not matter how you learned it, you just know it. Biblical teachings tell us that certain things are acceptable, while others are punishable by death. But in the legal society of America acting on the acceptable things will land you in prison, and the immoral sins are inalienable rights. Every day decisions are made across the world without having to consider if we will be punished by a higher being. These things prove that a person does not have to believe in God to act morally. A moral person is someone who not only understands the difference between right and wrong, but also does what is right. The lack of God in someone’s life doesn’t make a person immoral just as the presence of God does not make someone moral. Morality is not proven by a belief in God. References King James Bible Millard, A. (2000). How reliable is exodus? Biblical Archaeology Review, 26(4), 50-57. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/214908737? accountid=32521 Mosser, K. (2011). Logic an introduction. San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Riskin, S. (2007). Ten commandments audience? Washington Jewish Week. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/220857354? accountid=32521.